The third volume of James Gairdner's edition of the Paston Letters opens with Sir John Fastolf's will, a document that immediately immerses the reader in the legal and familial complexities of 15th-century land inheritance. The will, dated 1459, meticulously specifies the disposition of manors, lands, and tenements in Norfolk, Suffolk, and Norwich, naming John Paston as a primary beneficiary and executor. The text is dense with legal formulae, conditional clauses, and repeated references to feoffees and astates, reflecting the era's reliance on written instruments to secure property rights. This volume, covering the years 1422–1509, offers a direct window into the Paston family's protracted struggles over Fastolf's estate, a theme that dominates many of the letters and legal documents collected here.

Legal Language and Property Disputes

The excerpts from Fastolf's will illustrate how property disputes were articulated through highly formalized legal language. Phrases such as 'wolde, ordeyned, and declared by wille' and 'shalle take and receyve the profites, ysshueys, and emolumentes' demonstrate a repetitive, almost ritualistic style intended to prevent ambiguity. The will repeatedly distinguishes between lands assigned for sale and those excepted, and it specifies that only John Paston and Thomas Howes, among the executors, have authority to sell or manage certain properties. This legal precision is not merely stylistic; it reflects the high stakes of inheritance in a society where land was the primary source of wealth and status. The volume's catalog subjects—such as 'Social history—Medieval, 500–1500—Sources' and 'Great Britain—History—Lancaster and York, 1399–1485—Sources'—are borne out by these documents, which provide raw material for understanding how property law operated in practice.

The Role of Witnesses and Oral Declarations

Despite the written formality, the will also records oral declarations made before witnesses. For instance, it notes that Sir John Fastolf 'desired Daun William Bokenham, Priour of Yermouth, and Raufe Lampet, Squier, Bailly of Yermuth, that tyme present, to recorde the same.' This blending of written and oral testimony highlights the importance of public witnessing in validating legal acts. The presence of named individuals—a prior, a squire, a bailiff—anchors the document in specific local networks of authority. The editor's note that 'Gresham and Tresham are different people' underscores the need for careful attention to names and titles, as the letters often involve multiple individuals with similar names. This volume thus serves as a primary source for studying the interplay between documentary culture and personal testimony in late medieval England.

Editorial Apparatus and Textual Challenges

Gairdner's edition includes extensive editorial notes that alert readers to textual issues. For example, a footnote queries whether a repeated 'be' in the phrase 'shulde be thus be avauntaged' is superfluous or an error for 'he.' Such annotations reveal the challenges of transcribing and interpreting medieval manuscripts. The edition also preserves original spellings (e.g., 'Jhon' for John) and uses brackets to indicate editorial insertions, as in '[asta]te' and '[said].' The note that 'italic “d” misprinted as “a” was a recurring problem' points to the physical condition of the source manuscripts. These editorial features make the volume not only a collection of historical documents but also a record of the scholarly labor involved in making them accessible. Readers interested in textual criticism will find the apparatus as instructive as the letters themselves.

Readers approaching this volume should be prepared for dense legal prose and frequent references to individuals and places that may require cross-referencing with the index or other volumes. The letters and wills reward careful reading, as small details—a witness's name, a conditional clause, a marginal note—often carry significant implications for understanding the Pastons' legal strategies. This is not a narrative history but a collection of primary sources; its value lies in the direct evidence it provides of the language, concerns, and procedures of 15th-century English life.